Effect of Different Breathing Patterns on Heart Rate and Blood Pressure Response to Resisted Exercises in Females Within the Age Group of 25 to 35 Years

blood pressure during Valsalva maneuver as compared to the inhalation coupled with the concentric phase and exhalation coupled with the eccentric phase. The result showed that the change in the blood pressure due to the different breathing patterns were significant p>0.05 Conclusion: It is concluded that Valsalva maneuver exaggerates the blood pressure response.


Introduction:
Any type of exercise done by an individual has its effect on cardiovascular system and responds according to the type of exercises done (aerobic or anaerobic and free or resisted).Studies suggest that there is an increase in blood pressure while performing resisted exercises.
[1, 2,3]Nevertheless the breathing patterns followed during performing any type of exercise effects the blood pre.ssure of any individual.Fox IJ et al. examined the increase in blood pressure during exhalation, Valsalva manoeuvre.

Resisted Exercises
Resisted exercises in olden days was called weight training.A muscle fiber creates pressure when legitimately invigorated, for occasion by the sensory system or by electrical motivations.This physiological procedure is called muscle withdrawal.A muscle fiber makes weight when stimulated, for event by the tangible framework or by electrical inspirations.This physiological technique is called muscle withdrawal.While under strain, the muscle may extend, abbreviate, or continue as before length.In spite of the fact that the muscle actually shortens only in concentric contractions, all activations are typically referred to as "contractions".
• In concentric contraction the force generated is sufficient to overcome the resistance and the muscle shortens as it contracts.This is what most people think of as a muscle contraction e.g. a concentric contraction of the biceps would cause the arm to bend at the elbow.• In eccentric contraction, the force generated is insufficient to overcome the external load on the muscle and the muscle fibers lengthen as they contract.
An eccentric contraction is used as a means of decelerating a body part or object, or lowering a load gently rather than letting it drop.

Fig1.1: Showing concentric and eccentric phase of exercise
In these exercises resistances are induced in form of therabands, weights to bring about muscular contraction which builds up the strength of the muscle and apparently increase in its size.When resistance training are performed in the perfect manner they improve cardio vascular functions [20] Fig As the heart contracts it generates energy which enters from the heart to the blood, as a result of this blood moves onwards.Thus, the energy which the blood receives from heart is the total energy or the perfusion pressure (i.e. more violent contraction of heart more the perfusion pressure).However as the blood moves onwards it encounters resistance offered by the peripheral vessels (peripheral resistance).
That is as blood moves onwards, its perfusion pressure falls.At any given place the energy present in the blood is the total pressure can be determined by a canula which faces the flow of the blood upstream.
[34] Lateral pressure is the pressure exerted by the blood on the wall of the blood vessel.The pressure is exerted when the blood flows through the arteries.In clinical medicine blood pressure means lateral pressure in the systemic arteries [34] In general blood pressure refers to the arterial blood pressure.Arterial blood pressure is expressed in four different terms 1. Systolic blood pressure 2. Diastolic blood pressure 3. Pulse pressure 4. Mean arterial pressure.

Systolic blood pressure
Systolic blood pressure is defined as the maximum pressure exerted in the arteries during systole of the heart.The normal systolic pressure is 120 mmHg.It ranges between 1 10 to 140 mmHg.

Diastolic blood pressure
Diastolic blood pressure is the minimum pressure in the arteries during diastole of the heart.The normal diastolic pressure of the heart is 80 mmHg.It varies between 80 and 60 mmHg.

Pulse pressure
Pulse pressure is the difference between the systolic pressure and the diastolic pressure.Normally its 40mmHg.

Arterial blood pressure
It is the average pressure existing in the arteries.It is not the arithmetic mean of systolic and diastolic pressure.Ilt is the diastolic pressure plus one-third of pulse pressure.To determine the mean pressure, the diastolic pressure is considered than the systolic pressure.It is because the diastolic period of cardiac cycle is longer (0.27 second).Normal mean arterial pressure is 93 mmHg.[35] When the heart contracts it pushes the blood through the arteries to the whole body, this force creates the pressure on the walls of the arteries and that pressure is called blood pressure" this is the pressure with which the blood circulates in the body through the vessels.Blood pressure varies depending upon the physical activity, situations, status of disease etc. [19] When the blood pressure is low the condition is called "hypotension" and when it is high the condition is called ""hypertension' [19]

Effect on breathing pattern on blood pressure
During concentric and eccentric contractions the BP response may be augmented by increased intrathoracic pressure which occurs during forced exhalation against a closed airway (Valsalva manoeuvre) or by exhalation alone4`.Exhalation or breath-holding may add to the increased afterload on the heart and thus increase BP.On the other hand inhalation, which decreases intrathoracic pressure and thus afterload [4], may help attenuate BP elevation associated with resistance exercise.BP responses are much higher during concentric contractions than eccentric [1].Therefore, by combining the smaller afterload phase of breathing (inhalation) with the higher afterload phase of lifting (concentric), the BP Response may be lessened.

Need of study
There is a limited information about the effect of breathing patterns during resisted exercise in females.

Aim and objective
The aim of the study is to see effect of breathing patterns on heart rate and blood pressure in female population during resisted exercise

Objective
To study the effect of inhalation, exhalation and Valsalva manoeuvre on systolic and diastolic blood pressure

Hypothesis
• Null hypothesis: there will be no significant change in blood pressure and heart rate due to the different breathing techniques during resisted exercise.
• Alternate hypothesis: there will be significant change in blood pressure and heart rate due to the different breathing techniques during resisted exercise.

Review of literature 1. Flick and dean et al
Blood vessel circulatory strain is significantly raised amid weight lifting activities (They have contemplated about the increment in blood vessel pulse amid opposed activities.There is a positive yet not straight connection between the measure of bulk drew in and the weight reaction, accordingly a reciprocal leg press delivers an awesome pulse increment than an one-sided leg press or single arm twist exercise

Steven t. Linsenbardt et al
Speculation that the execution of constrained Valsalva move expands the pulse reactions connected with muscle constrictions.Besides, direction in breathing to keep away from the Valsalva move weakens the pulse reaction connected with isometric activity.

O'Connor et al.
Valsalva manoeuvre can elevate the blood pressure.

5.Hill, David W et al
It is inferred that there is a post-exercise trough in pulse connected with the sudden end of overwhelming resistance eight preparing with systolic and diastolic weights dropping more than 20 mmHg beneath ordinary resting levels.

Hultman E, sjoholm et al
The reason for this study was to portray the pulse reaction after overwhelming resistance exercise.It is inferred that there is a post-exercise trough in pulse connected with the sudden end of overwhelming resistance weight preparing with systolic and diastolic weights dropping more than 20 mmHg beneath ordinary resting levels.
Heart rate increased by 40 percent and systolic and diastolic blood pressure by 30 percent and 50 percent in both kind of experiments.

Study population and sample:
• female population and sample of 30 subjects

Place of data collection:
• Gym and fitness institutes: The gym or fitness institute goers will be recruited.They will be asked to sign the consent form for the study and volunteer to participate.
• Subjects will be selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria.
• Demographic data of the subject was taken.
• Procedure of the study was explained in detail to the subject.• Then data collection was started.

PRE TEST MEASUREMENT:
• To check the systolic and diastolic blood pressure: The subject was asked to sit in a comfortable position then with the manual sphygmomanometer the blood pressure was recorded • After recording the blood pressure the heart rate was recorded manually using the first three fingers of hand.
• Subjects were then asked to do warm up and the warm up exercises done by subject was dictated by the researcher.
• After performing warm up patients 10 RM was recorded.• After was made sit comfortably • She was asked to use his biceps only to lift the weight and she should not in any case use his back muscle power to lift the weight.
• Researcher starts with % kg dumbbell and made the subject to do the bicep curl.
• And gradually increase the weight by half kg till the subject is able to lift the weight with his biceps only and is able to do 10 repitions with that weight without using any other muscle.

PERFORMING TEST
• After getting 10 repetition maximum (RM) for the single arm curl using a Dumbbell Subject was asked to sit comfortably • Then subject's position was standardized, and the torso was stabilized to ensure that only the targeted muscle group was significantly active.Subject will be asked to do three sets of 10 RM on each resistance exercise on 3 separate day On day 1 readings of inhalation coupled with the concentric phase and exhalation coupled with the eccentric phase was recorded.
On day 2 readings of exhalation coupled with the concentric phase and inhalation coupled with the eccentric phase was recorded.
On day 3 readings of Valsalva in which the breath was held during two-thirds of the concentric phase followed by Exhalation was recorded.One-minute rests were given between sets and the weight was moved through the full range of motion.Blood pressure and heart rate was measured after 3 set of exercise every day.Finally readings were analysed.

DATA ANALYSIS ANOVA TEST
The purpose behind doing an ANOVA is to check whether there is any contrast between gatherings on some variable.
For instance, you may have information on understudy execution in non-surveyed exercise practices and in addition their last reviewing.You are keen on checking whether exercise execution is identified with last grade.ANOVA permits you to separate the gathering as indicated by the evaluation and afterward check whether execution is distinctive over these evaluations ANOVA is accessible for both parametric (positioning/requesting) information.(score Information) and Non-parametric TYPES OF ANOVA ü Restricted between gatherings The case given above is known as a restricted between gatherings model.You are taking a gander at the contrasts between the gatherings.There is stand out gathering (last grade) which you are utilizing to characterize the gatherings.This is the most straightforward adaptation of ANOVA.This sort of ANOVA can likewise be utilized to hope to measure up variables between distinctive gatheringsexercise execution from diverse admissions.ü Restricted rehashed measures A restricted rehashed measures ANOVA is utilized when you have a solitary gathering on which you have measured something a couple of times.For instance, you may have a test of comprehension of Classes.You give this test toward the start of the subject, toward the end of the theme and afterward toward the end of the subject.You would utilize a restricted rehashed measures ANOVA to check whether understudy execution on the test changed after some time ü Two-route between gatherings A two-route between gatherings ANOVA is utilized to take a gander at complex groupings.For instance, the evaluations by exercise investigation could be stretched out to check whether abroad understudies performed diversely to nearby understudies.What you would have from this manifestation of ANOVA is: The impact of last grade The impact of abroad versus neighbourhood The association between last grade and abroad/neighbourhood Each of the fundamental impacts are oneway tests.The association impact is basically asking "is there any huge distinction in execution when you take last grade and abroad/nearby acting together".As per alternate hypothesis (Ho), it is assumed that there is a significant change in blood pressure and heart rate due to different breathing techniques during resisted exercise.RESULT Fig. 5.1: On comparison, the study showed that systolic blood pressure increases while exhalation coupled with the concentric phase and inhalation coupled with the eccentric phase but there is a marked increase in systolic blood pressure during Valsalva manoeuvre as compared to the inhalation coupled with the concentric phase and exhalation coupled with the eccentric phase  On comparison, the study showed that diastolic blood pressure increases while exhalation coupled with the concentric phase and inhalation coupled with the eccentric phase but there is a marked increase in diastolic blood pressure during Valsalva manoeuvre as compared to the inhalation coupled with the concentric phase and exhalation coupled with the eccentric phase.

Discussion
The mean heartbeat responses in the midst of resistance action saw in the present study are to a degree lower than those reported by others using intraarterial weight frameworks.A valid example, a mean of 160/120 was represented by Fleck and Dean1 for body engineers using the single arm turn at 80% 1 RM to weariness.Similarly, Freedson et  in the present study was impacted by the solicitation of the lifts, i.e. the third sets may have been more troublesome than the first and provoked greater weight statures.Yet all sets were performed in the midst of the same session, the appeal was randomized for each subject, Additionally, at any rate 7 min separated any two sets including the same muscle group.In all cases, the subject had the limit finish the 10 RM on the third set.In seven subjects in which recovery BP was watched, the mean worth after recovery (3min) from the third set was 130/72 besides, after recovery from the 6 th set in the same session was 133/79.Taken together, the randomization of trials and quick BP recovery suggest that the solicitation of treatment did not impact the results of this study.In the present study, the SBP rises were similar to those saw in the midst of oxygen devouring action notwithstanding the way that DBP in this study was dependably higher in the midst of resistance activity than in the midst of high-effect exercise.Essentially, this substitute system has all the earmarks of being fitting since we observed simply little complexities in the weight response between the internal breath and exhalation procedures.To be completely frank, the exhalation method conveyed lower heart rates (HR) than internal breath and therefore the twofold things (SBP x HR) for internal breath and exhalation were equivalent .

Conclusion
It is concluded that Valsalva manocuvre exaggerates the blood pressure response and also blood pressure increases more during exhalation coupled with concentric phase as compare to the inhalation coupled with the concentric phase

Fig
Fig 3.1: Sphygmomanometer-apparatus to measure blood pressure

Fig 5 . 2 :
Fig 5.2:On comparison, the study showed that diastolic blood pressure increases while exhalation coupled with the concentric phase and inhalation coupled with the eccentric phase but there is a marked increase in diastolic blood pressure during Valsalva manoeuvre as compared to the inhalation coupled with the concentric phase and exhalation coupled with the eccentric phase.

Fig- 5 . 3 :
Fig-5.3:On comparison, the study shows that heart rate increases while exhalation coupled with the concentric phase and inhalation coupled with the eccentric phase but there is marked increase in heart rate during Valsalva manoeuvre as compared to the inhalation coupled with the concentric phase and exhalation coupled with the eccentric phase

1.2: Theraband for doing resisted exercises. Fig 5.3: Dumbells for doing resisted exercises Blood Pressure
Blood pressure it is one of the four vital signs (body temperature, pulse rate, respiratory rate).Measurement of arterial blood pressure is an extremely useful clinical procedure.Blood pressure is measured with the instrument called sphygmomanometer.Sharp fall of blood pressure generally indicates a fall of perfusion (or total) pressure, whereas raised blood pressure means the work done by the heart has increased, which in turn can introduce a series of complications.The Rasheed et al.International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies

Rasheed et al. International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies
The weight qualities reported by Mac Dougall et al.2 demonstrate that for some resistance hones the SBP in addition, DBP response can be broadly higher than those regularly saw in moderate oxygen devouring action.The Snappy postexercise BP was definitely not measured in the present study.In any case, this delayed response may help elucidate the moderate augmentation in SBP in the midst of dynamic emphases as seen in the present study and by MacDougall et al.2.Different resistance planning experts acknowledge that performing the Valsalva move truly points of interest the lifter by offsetting the spine and getting up and go performance2 18.These potential focal points must be weighed against the potential dangers of the misrepresented weight response.A sensible proposition would be to keep up a vital separation from this breath-holding framework right when lifting or when performing other significant resistance works out, for instance, snow scooping, wood cutting and pushing.SBP appears to move in the midst of dynamic redundancies of the set and can reach amazingly high values on the last emphasis in specific individuals.Such maximal tries possibly should be put something aside for young centered contenders and other people who require maximal quality increments for diversion execution.Our results exhibit that the BP response in the midst of resistance action may be contracted by taking in the midst of the concentric time of the lift.